IEEE Spectrum has a story on research into graphene which shows protons can pass through the material. One of the key properties of graphene was that it was previously thought to be impermeable to gases and liquids:
But as Geim and his colleagues discovered, in research that was published in the journal Nature, monolayers of graphene and boron nitride are highly permeable to thermal protons under ambient conditions. So hydrogen atoms stripped of their electrons could pass right through the one-atom-thick materials.
This has significant applications in fuel cells, since proton exchange membrane fuel cells require a barrier that only passes protons, and this discovery could be used to improve the efficiency of existing designs. However in addition to this it could also allow the cells to extract hydrogen directly from humid air
It is conceivable, based on this research, that hydrogen production could be combined with the fuel cell itself to make what would amount to a mobile electric generator fueled simply by hydrogen present in air.
“When you know how it should work, it is a very simple setup,” said Marcelo Lozada-Hidalgo, a PhD student and corresponding author of this paper, in a press release. “You put a hydrogen-containing gas on one side, apply a small electric current, and collect pure hydrogen on the other side. This hydrogen can then be burned in a fuel cell.”
Additional detail is available at Science Daily and in the original press release from the University of Manchester.
(Score: 2) by ikanreed on Thursday December 04 2014, @03:46PM
But when you have sex, the graphene will still ask "is it in yet?".
(Score: 3, Insightful) by GreatAuntAnesthesia on Thursday December 04 2014, @03:53PM
> “You put a hydrogen-containing gas on one side, apply a small electric current, and collect pure hydrogen on the other side. This hydrogen can then be burned in a fuel cell.”
So... you use an electric current to split hydrogen and oxygen in order to recombine hydrogen and oxygen to make the car go. Why not just ditch all the hydrogen separation, storage and burning apparatus, and use your electric charge to run the car?
I mean the "small" electric charge is enough to split hydrogen and oxygen (unless there is some other abundant hydrogen-containing substance in the air around us). It must therefore be the at least as much energy as is released by recombining the hydrogen and oxygen, otherwise you could simply use some of the power from burning your last lot of hydrogen to split the next batch, with power left over, leading to a perpetual motion machine. In which case this would be *much* bigger news.
So anyway, if the electric current is comparable to the energy of burning the hydrogen, it's enough to run the car. Electric motors are pretty efficient, especially compared to fancy hydrogen ICEs, so I can't see any efficiency savings.
IANAphysicist or engineer but it seems pretty obvious to me. Am I missing something here?
(Score: 1) by KilroySmith on Thursday December 04 2014, @04:30PM
Yes, you're missing the extension cord necessary to power the splitting while you're driving down the road...
This would seem to be an effective way to create hydrogen fuel using off-peak power, then burning it for those portable applications that fuels seem so danged good at.
(Score: 2) by GreatAuntAnesthesia on Thursday December 04 2014, @04:36PM
In that case you'd probably want a hydrogen-farming setup at home, and then you can refuel your car every night. Just swap your empty H bottle for a full one. Saves lugging around all that extra weight in your car.
(Score: 2) by morgauxo on Thursday December 04 2014, @06:00PM
Maybe in my shed. Probably not in my home.
KaBOOOM!!!
(Score: 2) by tibman on Thursday December 04 2014, @07:58PM
Yeah, who would want to park a vehicle with a full tank of something highly flammable in their garage? That would be crazy : ) Though i will admit that most hydrogen fuel-cell danger is because it is highly compressed (not that it is flammable).
SN won't survive on lurkers alone. Write comments.
(Score: 2) by Zinho on Thursday December 04 2014, @04:37PM
Why not just ditch all the hydrogen separation, storage and burning apparatus, and use your electric charge to run the car?
. . .
IANAphysicist or engineer but it seems pretty obvious to me. Am I missing something here?
Nope, you're on top of it. There is no suggestion that the graphene is catalyzing the reaction, so there would be conversion losses during separation that you wouldn't get back during combustion. The self-fueling fuel cell they proposed is a clear third-law violation, and if it worked it would be a perpetual motion machine.
Using graphene as a separator seems to me to be an industrial process, not one you'd want on your car. I can't imagine depending on a single-molecule-thick membrane as a fuel source on a car; one bad pothole and I'm stuck in traffic trying to suck water vapor into my fuel cell to burn it. As a method for energy storage, sure; it'll run off of grid power on a vibration-stabilized platform just fine.
For what it's worth, Platinum and Palladium also are permeable to Hydrogen through a similar process, and are used in this role already. The advantage to the graphene would be its better permeability, hence better economy on the process. I guess "improvement on current purification process" doesn't sound as sexy as "car that fuels itself".
"Space Exploration is not endless circles in low earth orbit." -Buzz Aldrin
(Score: 2) by GreatAuntAnesthesia on Thursday December 04 2014, @04:58PM
Thanks for confirming it.
> Platinum and Palladium ... are used in this role already. The advantage to the graphene would be its better permeability,
Presumably, the cost of graphene vs platinum / palladium would be another advantage.
Personally I just can't see hydrogen storage as a particularly useful technology, except in niche applications. Certainly not in cars. It's just too damn awkward to work with compared to batteries. I know the energy density is potentially higher (for now at least), but so are the overheads.
(Score: 2) by The Mighty Buzzard on Thursday December 04 2014, @05:37PM
Don't forget the ever popular risk of going kerblooie. Hydrogen just has a much nastier catastrophic failure result than batteries or even fossil fuels.
My rights don't end where your fear begins.
(Score: 2) by Kromagv0 on Thursday December 04 2014, @07:16PM
Even if the graphene was catalyzing the reaction it wouldn't lower it enough to get it below the minimum energy to form a water molecule only moving the complete loop closer to unity.
T-Shirts and bumper stickers [zazzle.com] to offend someone
(Score: 1) by Mr. Slippery on Thursday December 04 2014, @04:40PM
TFA talks about extracting H2 from the air, not electrolysis of H2O.
(Score: 2) by GreatAuntAnesthesia on Thursday December 04 2014, @04:53PM
Ah, OK. TFS says "extract hydrogen directly from humid air" which implies water.
Is there really enough H2 knocking about at street level to power a car? Surely free hydrogen just floats up to the top of the atmosphere..?
(Score: 1) by RedGreen on Thursday December 04 2014, @06:33PM
Whoosh, the key word being humid meaning water in the air, the H2O (water) then being broken down through the membrane giving you the newly freed molecules of H used to power the car.
"I modded down, down, down, and the flames went higher." -- Sven Olsen
(Score: 1) by monster on Friday December 05 2014, @02:17PM
I think it refers to that in humid air, some molecules of H2O split in ions (H+ and O-), and later recombine. With this membrane in place, some of the H+ ions would pass through it, being isolated from the O- ions and netting some ready to use Hydrogen.
(Score: 1, Informative) by Anonymous Coward on Thursday December 04 2014, @04:48PM
I was thinking the same, but the article on sciencedaily mentions in the first paragraph
(according to wolframalpha it's a mere 5x10^-5%)
So it's not (only) for electrolysis but also for reaping free (as in free beer) H2
-- sudo rm -rf
(Score: 3, Insightful) by GreatAuntAnesthesia on Thursday December 04 2014, @05:20PM
Interesting. Another sticking point: If you're sucking huge amounts of air[1] into your car's bussard collector and passing it all through some kind of ultra-fine filter, isn't that going to create a lot of drag? Like, a LOT of drag?
[1] If the hydrogen is in "minute quantities", presumably you're going to want to filter a lot of air.
(Score: 2) by bob_super on Thursday December 04 2014, @06:43PM
Or you could just mount a huge fan to blow enough air through the membrane to get your few atoms of H on the other side...
Then you power the fan using your windmill.
(Score: 2) by morgauxo on Thursday December 04 2014, @06:11PM
Well.. I'm not a physicist either but...
Usually in these water-powered car discussions you get people expecting free energy on one side vs people understanding that a perpetual motion machine is impossible on the other. Someone always says that if you have electricity to split the water just power a motor.
But... my understanding is that motors aren't all that efficient. Neither are chemical batteries. Burning hydrogen is relatively efficient. But producing hydrogen is terribly inefficient thus for now making the all-electric advocates correct. But... correct me if I am wrong... in the past 150 years or so a whole lot more effort has gone into perfecting batteries and electric motors than perfecting our methods of producing hydrogen.
MAYBE... just maybe there is a way to produce hydrogen waiting to be discovered that would make a hydrogen powered car the better deal. Surely it's not going to be a perpetual motion machine but has anyone proved one way or the other which method has the most potential if we knew how to do it in the absolutely most efficient way possible? Can we even know that without getting there first? If we did have the most efficient possible methods would we even know to stop looking?
(Score: 1) by RedGreen on Thursday December 04 2014, @06:44PM
This is no perpetual motion scheme the membrane according to this idea will only allow the hydrogen to pass through it not the oxygen attached so you end up with the freed H2 in the water left over for use in powering the engine. No electricity is used to break down the water only the membrane is needed to get the fuel.
"I modded down, down, down, and the flames went higher." -- Sven Olsen
(Score: 2) by maxwell demon on Thursday December 04 2014, @07:24PM
If the hydrogen would leave the oxygen and pass through the membrane without any energy source providing the necessary energy, it would indeed be a perpetuum mobile:
Step 1: Extract the hydrogen from the water in the air with the membrane, without consuming energy. Note that the oxygen is left in the air because it can't pass the membrane.
Step 2: Burn the hydrogen with oxygen from the air to produce water, resupplying the water in the air, and releasing energy. Note that the resulting water is in the air, as part of the humidity of the air.
You see, there's no step requiring energy, bvut a step releasing energy. The exact definition of a perpetuum mobile. Even of the first type (i.e. violating the first law of thermodynamics, energy conservation).
Since we know that you cannot violate energy conservation, we must concxlude that one of the steps above is not possible. And since we know that step 2 is completely possible, it must be step 1 that isn't.
In other words, you cannot extract hydrogen from the humidity in the air without adding energy. At least as much energy as the burning step releases.
The Tao of math: The numbers you can count are not the real numbers.
(Score: 1) by RedGreen on Thursday December 04 2014, @09:34PM
Obviously no clue how osmosis works then it does not require energy only the membrane.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosis [wikipedia.org]
"I modded down, down, down, and the flames went higher." -- Sven Olsen
(Score: 2) by maxwell demon on Thursday December 04 2014, @10:32PM
Obviously you have no clue about the difference between a mixture and a chemical bond.
The Tao of math: The numbers you can count are not the real numbers.
(Score: 1) by RedGreen on Thursday December 04 2014, @11:08PM
From the article clown.
"This latest development alters the understanding of one of the key properties of graphene: that it is impermeable to all gases and liquids. Even an atom as small as hydrogen would need billions of years for it to pass through the dense electronic cloud of graphene. In fact, it is this impermeability that has made it attractive for use in gas separation membranes.
But as Geim and his colleagues discovered, in research that was published in the journal Nature, monolayers of graphene and boron nitride are highly permeable to thermal protons under ambient conditions. So hydrogen atoms stripped of their electrons could pass right through the one-atom-thick materials.
The surprising discovery that protons could breach these materials means that that they could be used in proton-conducting membranes (also known as proton exchange membranes), which are central to the functioning of fuel cells. Fuel cells operate through chemical reactions involving hydrogen fuel and oxygen, with the result being electrical energy. The membranes used in the fuel cells are impermeable to oxygen and hydrogen but allow for the passage of protons."
Which describes an osmotic process happening with this material ie. material from one side passes to the other in case your reading comprehension is as useless as your comments... PLONK!
"I modded down, down, down, and the flames went higher." -- Sven Olsen
(Score: 2) by maxwell demon on Thursday December 04 2014, @11:18PM
But that paragraph does not describe the extraction of hydrogen from air moisture.
Maybe you should work on your reading comprehension.
The Tao of math: The numbers you can count are not the real numbers.
(Score: 2) by morgauxo on Tuesday December 09 2014, @05:29PM
How can hydrogen, bound in a water molecule pass through the membrane without it's oxygen but not require energy? Wouldn't that require breaking the bond?
(Score: 2) by maxwell demon on Tuesday December 09 2014, @06:57PM
Exactly. And breaking the bond requires energy.
The Tao of math: The numbers you can count are not the real numbers.
(Score: 2) by frojack on Thursday December 04 2014, @06:55PM
Nobody is arguing that you can probably make efficiency improvements in both hydrogen generation and electrical storage.
But everyone knows there is simply not enough electrical energy in the process to power the car, AND retain enough to generate more hydrogen.
Splitting water (by what ever means) ---> rejoining water (combustion) is a lossy process in and of itself.
You can't scale it up and extract enough power to move a car with no other energy input.
So to answer your question, yes, we can know without getting there first, because: science.
No, you are mistaken. I've always had this sig.
(Score: 2) by morgauxo on Tuesday December 09 2014, @05:11PM
Umm.. no.. Because I DID NOT SAY there was no external source of power. It's in the fucking battery! I was comparing using electricity to split water to power an internal combustion engine vs using electricity to power an electric motor. Obviously neither could possibly ever be even 100% efficient and certainly not > 100% thus no perpetual motion machines.
My only argument was that since people started studying these things we have expent more time and money trying to optimize traditional electric motors than we have optimizing the process of producing hydrogen. No doubt there are designs and discoveries to be made to improve both processes from what we currently have available today. Maybe... with enough resources thrown at it our processes of producing hydrogen would catch up with our electric motors efficiency wise and a burning hydrogen split from water car might be more efficient.
My question was is it even possble when we have reached that point where we have optimized both methods to the maximum efficiency allowed by real world physics will we know it? Is there some way we can calculate that x is the maximum possible efficiency of splitting water and y is the maximum possible efficiencly of an electric motor. Thus we could know which method is ultimately the better one once we have reached the end goal of optimizing it to it's maximum possible efficiency. Thus we would know which one to spend research time and money on today.
Obviously both maximums are still less than 100%. Obviously neither kind of car would run without an external source of energy. Barring some really really good solar panels or RTGs for everyone they ultimately would be powered by plugging the damn things in and charging it!
What I don't understand is why any time one asks such questions someone has to assume they are talking about a closed loop and start going off about perpetual motion.
(Score: 2) by Zinho on Thursday December 04 2014, @07:41PM
my understanding is that motors aren't all that efficient. Neither are chemical batteries. Burning hydrogen is relatively efficient. But producing hydrogen is terribly inefficient thus for now making the all-electric advocates correct.
You're thinking along the right lines, you just need one more idea to close the circle and line up with the "no perpetual motion" crowd:
That's why the Thermo geeks are always saying "just use the battery". Even if the intermediary steps are super efficient, any system that goes Battery->Losses->Electricity would be better built as Battery->Electricity. Unless you're getting energy input from somewhere other than the battery (collecting free H2 from the air would work, assuming that there's enough) this will always be a valid argument.
The real question is whether the H2 generator they want to run off of the battery produces more energy value in H2 than the battery's own capacity. If they're using hydrolysis then the answer is no. Collecting atmospheric hydrogen is a possibility, and I wish them luck at overcoming the engineering challenges. Concentrating the H+ from the parts-per-million level to useful volumes and pressures isn't trivial.
To answer your last question, yes, we have an idea of when we'll know we've hit peak efficiency. Carnot's Theorem (derived in the 1820s and reinforced by refined theory, experimentation, and engineering practice ever since) is one of our most useful yardsticks in this field. I'd like to warn you before you start reading about it that it gives depressing answers. For example, a perfectly efficient heat engine operating between 0 and 100 degrees Celsius will have a maximum efficiency of 27%. The reasons for this are well understood in the Engineering and Physics disciplines, and easy to explain to anyone willing to sit and think about them. There are several good tutorials on the web [virginia.edu], and your local library may have textbooks on the subject you can check out (your local University library certainly will, even if you have to read it on-site). Generally, you know to stop looking for a better answer when the one you have is close enough to ideal and doing better starts to cost too much.
Please pardon the Thermo geeks when they turn jaded, skeptical eyes on a new proposal and ask "where is the extra energy coming from". You can only explain a certain number of times that a heat engine won't run between reservoirs at the same temperature, after a while you get tired and refuse to talk to anyone who brings up ZPE and the like.
Of course, that doesn't stop us from looking for better systems. The answer to "how can I make my system better" is often "replace it with a better system" :P Novel sources of energy are always welcome, provided that there is actually energy to extract there.
"Space Exploration is not endless circles in low earth orbit." -Buzz Aldrin
(Score: 2) by morgauxo on Tuesday December 09 2014, @05:26PM
Thanks, your answer is very informative, I'll be looking up Carnot's Theorem.
I do have one question though... why does the purpose of the fuel cell HAVE to be to produce electricity?
I'll admit I'm not necessarily speaking to the article, more just thoughts about ways to power a car. I was thinking the hydrogen would be burnt in an internal combustion engine. It would be another way to consume electricity to produce motion, rather than a way to produce electricity. I was pitting the efficiency of electrolysis plus an internal combustion engine against the efficiency of an electric motor.
I know electric motors and internal combustion engines have been studied and optimized for ages now. My understanding is that Electrolysis is a weak link, very inefficient but recently a lot of research has been put into it with some promissing results using nano-materials. Is it possible that electrolysis plus internal combustion could one day beat electric motor? It sounds unlikely to me but I know that I do not have the physics background to answer that for sure and I am curious.
I do know that either way the energy source is likely a battery which gets charged from the grid at night and nothing free and magical.
(Score: 2) by Zinho on Friday December 12 2014, @06:28PM
... why does the purpose of the fuel cell HAVE to be to produce electricity?
The answer to this question is easy; that's what fuel cells [wikipedia.org] do. If it doesn't take in fuel and oxidizer and produce water + electricity then it's not a fuel cell.
I was pitting the efficiency of electrolysis plus an internal combustion engine against the efficiency of an electric motor
OK, that's reasonable. Bear with me for a bit.
The first big obstacle you'll run into is the very high efficiency of electric motors: good ones run up to 94% under the right conditions, and degrade to about 78% under poor conditions [1]. These are practical efficiency measurements, not theoretical; electric motors are really that good.
In contrast, an internal combustion engine (I.C.E.) running the Carnot cycle (impossible) with H2 and ambient air [wikipedia.org] as fuel/oxidizer will run at a theoretical maximum of ~91%; real engines use the Otto cycle [wikipedia.org] which is limited by the autoignition temperature [wikipedia.org] of the fuel, which puts a ceiling on compression ratio.[2] Gasoline engines are limited to about 60% efficiency due to this; a back-of-the-envelope calc based on H2 autoignition suggests we could increase compression by half[3] and boost ideal H2 Otto efficiency to 66%. These are again theoretical maximum values, in practice they will be lower (55% or less would not surprise me).
That gap between 90% and 66% is a lot to make up for. To beat the efficiency of running a motor off of the battery you would literally need to extract 36% more energy potential in H2 + O2 during your electrolysis stage than you spent on electricity to operate the separator (0.9 = 1.36 * 0.66); this is a definitive example of an "over unity" device [4]. You're not going to get efficiency greater than 1 on any process without extracting more energy from somewhere, even with an efficient catalyst (as pointed out to me in another part [soylentnews.org] of this thread). So no, regardless of how efficiently you perform electrolysis it will never catch up to just running an electric motor off of the battery.
Thermodynamics is a harsh mistress.
[1] source [energy.gov], PDF warning, see attachment C on page 13
[2] if you want to do your own math on this, remember that you need to convert to Absolute temperature scales; add 273.15 degrees to Celsius to get Kelvin. Any math for Thermodynamics that asks for temperature assumes you're on a temperature scale that starts at absolute zero instead of some phase transition of water.
[3] I used the Ideal Gas Law [wikipedia.org] as my base for this calculation, which makes assumptions about temperatures and pressures being around 20 C and 1 Atm. Given the high temperatures and pressures typical of the Otto cycle those assumptions may break down making my estimate incorrect, but it's probably close.
[4] Beating this dead horse some more: basically to make electrolysis even an option, you'd need to start with an I.C.E. more efficient than an electric motor. Carnot's theorem says you're going to fall short there when using Hydrogen, regardless of how good your engine is.
"Space Exploration is not endless circles in low earth orbit." -Buzz Aldrin
(Score: 2) by Immerman on Friday December 05 2014, @02:04AM
Ah, but you don't necessarily have to split the water molecules. At least in liquid form a certain percentage of water molecules spontaneously dissociate into hydrogen and hydroxide (which is why pure water is acidic rather than neutral as one would naively expect). If you have a filter that lets only the hydrogen escape you should be able to exploit that. Of course you probably have to do something to avoid a buildup of hydroxide, I'd imagine that at some concentration its presence would choke out the dissociation.
(Score: 2) by Immerman on Friday December 05 2014, @01:57AM
I recall sometime in the last few years reading about one of those totally unexpected discoveries: that water evaporated from a beaker sealed with a multilayer graphene cover at the same rate as from an completely uncovered beaker. Apparently some aspect of the interaction between graphene and water vapor allowed the water molecules to pass unhindered through the carbon lattice, despite it blocking virtually all other gases. I think I'm missing something.