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Scientists analyzed genetic data gathered from various early European skeletons, and found that "for later migrations from the Pontic Steppe during the late Neolithic/Bronze Age" there were "approximately five to 14 migrating males for every migrating female". This third wave of "Yamnaya" migration mainly contributed to autosomal DNA:
Call it an ancient thousand man march. Early Bronze Age men from the vast grasslands of the Eurasian steppe swept into Europe on horseback about 5000 years ago—and may have left most women behind. This mostly male migration may have persisted for several generations, sending men into the arms of European women who interbred with them, and leaving a lasting impact on the genomes of living Europeans. "It looks like males migrating in war, with horses and wagons," says lead author and population geneticist Mattias Jakobsson of Uppsala University in Sweden.
Europeans are the descendants of at least three major migrations of prehistoric people. First, a group of hunter-gatherers arrived in Europe about 37,000 years ago. Then, farmers began migrating from Anatolia (a region including present-day Turkey) into Europe 9000 years ago, but they initially didn't intermingle much with the local hunter-gatherers because they brought their own families with them. Finally, 5000 to 4800 years ago, nomadic herders known as the Yamnaya swept into Europe. They were an early Bronze Age culture that came from the grasslands, or steppes, of modern-day Russia and Ukraine, bringing with them metallurgy and animal herding skills and, possibly, Proto-Indo-European, the mysterious ancestral tongue from which all of today's 400 Indo-European languages spring. They immediately interbred with local Europeans, who were descendants of both the farmers and hunter-gatherers. Within a few hundred years, the Yamnaya contributed to at least half of central Europeans' genetic ancestry.
To find out why this migration of Yamnaya had such a big impact on European ancestry, researchers turned to genetic data from earlier studies of archaeological samples. They analyzed differences in DNA inherited by 20 ancient Europeans who lived just after the migration of Anatolian farmers (6000 to 4500 years ago) and 16 who lived just after the influx of Yamnaya (3000 to 1000 years ago). The team zeroed in on differences in the ratio of DNA inherited on their X chromosomes compared with the 22 chromosomes that do not determine sex, the so-called autosomes. This ratio can reveal the proportion of men and women in an ancestral population, because women carry two X chromosomes, whereas men have only one.
Ancient X chromosomes reveal contrasting sex bias in Neolithic and Bronze Age Eurasian migrations (DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616392114) (DX)
(Score: 1, Flamebait) by Runaway1956 on Friday February 24 2017, @03:29PM
The infection is there, Anesthesia. But it's not the so-called alt-right.
What was the Battle of Tours all about? You probably wouldn't know, Prophylaxis. When that battle was being decided, you were probably buggering some little boy, while enjoying a good opium high. You aristarchs - so full of criticism, but you can't point to anything that you personally have accomplished in life. Aside from sophistry and fault finding, you have no real talents. You ARE the infection!
Implement user mods on submissions? So - you think that you can sway the staff, influence what they approve and disapprove? Imagine that. Typical far left-wing authoritarian.
(Score: 2) by GreatAuntAnesthesia on Friday February 24 2017, @04:27PM
Why are you dragging me into this? Keep your bullshit to yourself.
(Score: 2) by Runaway1956 on Friday February 24 2017, @06:23PM
Not you, Great Aunt - the Ari character has taken anesthesia for his brain. For all I know, you could have anesthetized him, but that's none of my business, LOL
(Score: 2) by aristarchus on Sunday February 26 2017, @04:55AM
Interesting op-ed, which I bring up only because you mis-underestimated "arist-archus" for "aristo-kratos":
. Donald Trump, the clown king and ruler of a plutocratic kakistocracy, will make his supporters suffer while they smile and ask for more. Sadism as political strategy is the guiding principle of the modern Republican Party.
From Salon [salon.com]
Oligarchy we have heard of, the rule of the few, ὀλιγαρχικός from ὀλιός, "few" and αρχἡ, "first, beginning, or principal". Democracy comes from Δημοκρατία, or "power of the people". So you can make a run from there, runaway, if you know the greek roots of your own language. "Monarchy": rule of one. "Aristocracy", the power of the superior (and notice this is not my name, at all.). Then we have interesting variants, like "kleptocracy" from κλέφτης, "thief", so "power of the thieves". Many examples of this where communist regimes have been sold to the highest bidder, not to mention the recent acquisition of the United States of America by some of those same former Commies! But this one, "plutocratic kakistocracy," yes, power of the rich, and power of the worst, κακός. or in the neuter plural nominative, caca, the shits. This is on you, and your fellow κακόι, Runaway. You did this to America.
(Score: 2) by Runaway1956 on Sunday February 26 2017, @05:27AM
What is humorous here, is that you seem to think that I support Trump. After all my posts here, characterizing Trump as the court fool, and Hillary as the evil witch, you think I support Trump.
I voted Johnson. I posted my vote, on election day. It was a toss up between Johnson and Stein, both of whom were lesser evils than either Trump, or Clinton.
So - let's imagine, you're going to prison for a year. You get to choose which warden has authority over you. Do you choose some clown, or a known evil sumbitch? Yes, I'd rather have the clown, or the court fool, than the evil witch, thank you very much. That doesn't speak well of the clown, of course, it only addresses how evil the witch is.
Try to remember, He-who-has-a-memory-to-match-his-short-penis, RUNAWAY DID NOT SUPPORT TRUMP. Runaway prefers Trump over Clinton, but that is not "support".