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Why some fracking wells are prone to triggering earthquakes
Some of the biggest fracking-induced earthquakes in the world — including three higher than magnitude 4.0 that could be felt by humans — have taken place in the Kaybob Duvernay Formation near Fox Creek, [Alberta]. But they've happened only in certain areas and only since 2013, even though fracking began there in 2010. Why?
A study led by Ryan Schultz, a seismologist with the Alberta Energy Regulator and a geophysical research scientist at the University of Alberta, shows that the underlying geology determines whether earthquakes can be induced at all by a particular well. But if an earthquake can be induced, then the number of earthquakes increased with the amount of fluid pumped into the well, reports the study published Thursday in the journal Science [DOI: 10.1126/science.aao0159] [DX].
The authors of the study, which also involved researchers at Western University, the University of Calgary, the University of Alberta and Natural Resources Canada, came to that conclusion after analyzing drilling records for around 300 wells in the region submitted to the Alberta Energy Regulator. They found that the reason earthquakes didn't start there until 2013 was because companies didn't start drilling earthquake-prone wells until then.
So what makes a well earthquake prone? Earthquakes happen at faults, where two of the Earth's tectonic plates come together. Earthquakes occur when the two plates slip or slide relative to one another. In order to cause an earthquake, a fracking well needs to have a physical connection via the underlying rock to a fault that is oriented so that the pressure of fluid from the well can change the stress on that fault and increase the chance of it slipping.
Also at the University of Alberta.
(Score: 4, Funny) by requerdanos on Sunday January 21 2018, @11:59PM (9 children)
In other news,
I really do respect the research, but I am just pointing out where the result lands on the How-Surprising-Is-This meter.
(Score: 4, Insightful) by takyon on Monday January 22 2018, @12:02AM (6 children)
Tell that to the oil and natural gas companies doing the fracking. "The sciense isn't settled!"
[SIG] 10/28/2017: Soylent Upgrade v14 [soylentnews.org]
(Score: 3, Interesting) by frojack on Monday January 22 2018, @12:51AM (3 children)
I suspect the study is likely to limit drilling into faults in the future, while allowing drilling away from faults.
I'd also be interested in the economics of drilling into a fault. Is is profitable? Do those wells produce as much oil/gas as non-fault zone wells? One would tend to imagine that a fault would have released a lot of gas that would be trapped in other areas away from faults.
No, you are mistaken. I've always had this sig.
(Score: 2) by requerdanos on Monday January 22 2018, @01:57AM (2 children)
takyon's "science isn't settled!" point being well taken...
That would also be rather obvious, but I am getting hung up here: Of "the biggest fracking-induced earthquakes in the world," they note only "three higher than magnitude 4.0 that could be felt by humans."
"Higher than magnitude 4.0" describes the set of all real numbers greater than four, and so would include earthquakes that shatter the planet to asteroidal bits. But this seems written to suggest "three barely bigger than 4.0" such that if the guy reading the seismometer asks "Hey, can you feel that?" the other folks in earshot cock their heads a little, look and/or listen carefully, and finally say "Oh, yeah... I kinda do feel it."
And so they may be on the order of "Well, yeah, they were technically recorded but little quakes like that don't count" such that fracking happens with or without attached faults until such time that cheap wind and/or solar prices push fracking out of the cost-effectiveness game.
(Score: 2) by takyon on Monday January 22 2018, @02:07AM (1 child)
I think we will see someone argue that fracking earthquakes release energy from a plate/fault, lowering the chance of more powerful earthquake in the future. Along the lines of NASA's proposal to tap supervolcanoes for geothermal energy [soylentnews.org].
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(Score: 3, Interesting) by Adamsjas on Monday January 22 2018, @02:53AM
Its long been argued back and forth for decades that a consistent patter of little earthquakes forestalling a big one.
Modern geologists insist this theory first proposed in Richter's day is wrong, and usually provide wandering arguments about total energy to support their claim: https://www.quora.com/Do-small-earthquakes-prevent-occasional-larger-ones-from-occurring [quora.com]
Yet A dearth of observations of larger earthquakes on the world's many creeping faults suggests the modern guys are missing something pretty big. They only study large quake areas after all.
It can't be proven one way or the other because there has been no way to test the theory other than statistical guesswork.
Problem explained here back in 2007:
https://phys.org/news/2007-03-scientists-source-mysterious-tremors-emanating.html [phys.org]
I think Frojack's suggestion in his first post suggests an experiment.
You could drill, (but not frac) into an fault that you had reason to believe was locally locked. (This condition can be detected with seismographs.) You could wait a year or two, then frac those same wells, attempting to unstick that locally locked zone.
If that induces small quakes locally as well as in both directions along the fault you have some evidence that YOU may have prevented or delayed the big one by allowing the whole fault to shift just a little. Or you might get sued to bankruptcy.
Note that Frojack isn't the first to suggest this.
It was a topic for a while in 2004, where the US Army discovered pretty much the same thing that this Canadian paper proclaimed. And use of injection wells was suggested back then as a quake inducing tool.
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6759689/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/can-earthquakes-be-tamed/ [nbcnews.com]
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6759689/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/can-earthquakes-be-tamed/ [nbcnews.com]
(Score: 0) by Anonymous Coward on Monday January 22 2018, @02:50AM (1 child)
Add khallow to the list, the "The sciense isn't settled!" is one he makes an honor-point from using (and anything that has remotely to do with "free market and economy" are accepted as obvious in an automated, knee-jerk reaction).
(Score: 2, Touché) by khallow on Monday January 22 2018, @06:15AM
We could always just look at my scribblings [soylentnews.org] rather than make shit up.
That's the difference between someone who says shit and someone who understands the subject and presents a reasoned argument based on that understanding.
(Score: 2) by Gaaark on Monday January 22 2018, @12:12AM
Yeah, seems like another duh moment for the human species.
Will we ever learn? Let's bring out the Surprise meter again.
--- Please remind me if I haven't been civil to you: I'm channeling MDC. ---Gaaark 2.0 ---
(Score: 1) by Gault.Drakkor on Monday January 22 2018, @08:50PM
From the summary:
I am not a geo. But i work for a geo company. There are many faults out there, in numbers and description. Depending on the rock, region, total depth, etc you could be drilling through multiple faults per borehole.
The point of this research it seems to me is better knowledge of WHAT faults are a problem. It was, as you said, obvious that faults were involved, but this provides a better description of the problem faults.
Car analogy: "People with physical contact with cars are more likely to be injured by cars." Scientists: "Not everybody that touches a car is injured. Injuries are more likely when people are in physical contact with cars with faulty brakes."