All life (as we know it) depends on carbon. But most models of Earth's formation can't explain how the crust has enough carbon to support life. So where did it all come from?
A colossal smashup with a Mercury-like protoplanet some 4.4 billion years ago, suggest researchers from Rice University and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in a new study published in the journal Nature Geoscience.
Most scientists agree that about 4.5 billion years ago, Earth was covered with hot magma, and as it cooled, most of the heavier metals near the surface sank deep into the planet. Iron alloys bonded with carbon and sulfur, pulling both into the Earth's core, and any remaining carbon would have vaporized into space from the extreme heat, argue the scientists. The only way to keep carbon and sulfur near the surface is to bring some from a planet that formed differently, they say.
A different story reported last week that scientists have identified fossilized stromatolites that date to 3.7 billion years ago, or 700 million years after the worst day ever for the young Earth.
(Score: 0) by Anonymous Coward on Friday September 09 2016, @05:33AM
Big Boo-Boo Good
(Score: 2) by arslan on Friday September 09 2016, @06:33AM
So it was scrat afterall!
(Score: 2) by frojack on Friday September 09 2016, @08:00AM
Not only Do you need a planet in the Goldilocks zone, it has to have a moon, and have been in at least one planet busting collision in the past.
On a Tuesday, you say?
Just so.
No, you are mistaken. I've always had this sig.
(Score: 0) by Anonymous Coward on Friday September 09 2016, @08:22AM
Planets are formed by collisions. They start out as dust.
The specific type of collision mentioned in the summary is rarer.
(Score: 2) by GreatAuntAnesthesia on Friday September 09 2016, @08:35AM
On the plus side, that means the galaxy is mine. Mine! MINE! Muahha ... uh, I mean... ours. Perhaps in a few million years the galaxy will look something like it does in the Foundation series.
It would be a shame not to meet any aliens, but on the other hand it would be nice to have a more comforting answer to the Fermi Paradox than "You are doomed to destroy yourselves".
(Score: 0) by Anonymous Coward on Friday September 09 2016, @02:01PM
Fermi said that? I thought it came from the writers of "Planet of the Apes".
(Score: 2) by GreatAuntAnesthesia on Friday September 09 2016, @03:13PM
Fermi said "where the hell is everyone?" There are numerous possible answers to that question [wikipedia.org], one of them being that intelligent, technological civilisations have a strong tendency to quickly destroy themselves / destroy one-another / go extinct by other means.
(Score: 2) by frojack on Saturday September 10 2016, @04:23AM
I believe the latest theory is that we just happen to be ahead of everyone else.
http://www.iflscience.com/space/earth-may-have-formed-earlier-92-other-habitable-planets/ [iflscience.com]
http://www.ras.org.uk/news-and-press/2728-most-earth-like-worlds-have-yet-to-be-born [ras.org.uk]
The pendulum of prediction seems to be swinging the other way, based on some Hubble observations.
No, you are mistaken. I've always had this sig.
(Score: 0) by Anonymous Coward on Friday September 09 2016, @02:30PM
Take a normal 52 card deck with 13 of each suit. If I give you a random card what is the frequency that it will be a spade? That is easy: 13/52=1/4. Now what if I pass you 13 cards, at what frequency will you get all the spades? That is (13/52)*(12/51)*...*(1/40) = 1/choose(52,13) ~1.6e-12.
In other words, only once in 635,013,559,600 (600 billion) hands should you expect to get all spades. If you got all spades, would you think it was strange and say "Just so"? Because that would be wrong, the odds of getting any hand would be calculated the exact same way.
(Score: 0) by Anonymous Coward on Friday September 09 2016, @04:05PM
Knowing that the card deck is 52 cards, 13 of each of 4 suits, gives me quite a leg up to decide whether or not to suspect intelligent design in my 13 card hand.
Let's use my card deck instead. I'm not telling you how many cards there are. I'm not telling you how many to each suit or even if the suits all have the same number of cards. I deal you 13 cards, and they're all the same suit, say bamboos. Calculate the odds. Guess whether or not I've stacked the deck/intelligently designed your hand. Are you having a little difficulty? I thought so.
Perhaps after dealing you 10 or 20 hands, then you may be able to reason about the nature of my deck.
If you immediately know the candle is flame, then the meal was cooked a long time ago.
(Score: 2) by maxwell demon on Friday September 09 2016, @04:55PM
That analogy isn't quite apt. Rather, you deal an untold number of hands wit 13 cards each from different decks, and if any of those hands happens to have 13 equal cards, you hand it to him. And that is the situation in which he has to tell how likely it is that the hand was designed.
Also, the lottery must obviously be rigged, as it is so improbable to win it, but almost every week someone supposedly has won it.
That's the situation we are in. We know that in the "game of life creation" there is at least one winner (Earth), but we don't even know how often the game has been played.
The Tao of math: The numbers you can count are not the real numbers.
(Score: 0) by Anonymous Coward on Friday September 09 2016, @09:05PM
These are good points. That is why I referred to frequencies rather than probabilities in my post.
(Score: 3, Insightful) by mtrycz on Friday September 09 2016, @08:54AM
So the other day we were running (or was it somewhere else on the internet?) a story that NASA was worried that they could have brought some bacteria to Mars, with unpredicatbale consequences. It made me think about the whole panspermia thing.
Seeing that the difficult part isn't bringing life to another planet, but NOT bringing it there, it could really have some truth to it.
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(Score: 2) by tibman on Friday September 09 2016, @02:30PM
It seems to me that if life is that difficult to start then we should probably help spread it.
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(Score: 2) by Immerman on Friday September 09 2016, @03:27PM
I tend to agree. The problem, especially with Mars, is that we don't actually know that yet, and it may have its own ecosystem already. Probably mostly underground, though the few attempts we've made to detect evidence of surface life directly have come back tantalizingly inconclusive. If we introduce potentially invasive organisms though, then we run the risk that native life may be wiped out before we get the chance to study it. Even if there is no native life, an invasive organism that flourished could still destroy a great deal of chemical geological evidence that would offer insight into the formation of Mars.
There's plenty of evidence suggesting that Mars may have been far more hospitable to life in the past, and if life was ever established there then some of it is probably still there. Even if there's nothing but microbial life, it could still be *incredibly* informative to study, especially if it's arose independently there, in which case it would likely be extremely alien - based on different amino acids at the very least, and quite likely with some completely different information-carrying mechanism rather than DNA. Even if it was colonized by earth organisms millions or billions of years ago (or more likely vice-versa, Mars would have cooled and been hospitable to life formation long before Earth), you've got all that time worth of divergent evolution introducing things we've never seen before. Less informative on what truly alien life can look like, but probably far more information with practical applications. Like having a whole new Amazon of strange and exotic biochemistry to draw on for medical and industrial purposes.
So mostly, we would just like to study Mars as it is before infecting it too thoroughly. Though I suppose there's also a slim risk that we introduce some fringe Earth microbe that can't really compete with everything else here, but manages to thrive alone on Mars, building to densities that make it hazardous to future Mars missions - be it an infectious agent that can't be fought off when the initial infection is a million times more numerous than would be encountered on Earth, something that excretes acid that eats away at habitats and machinery, or even something relatively harmless like lacing the environment with potent hallucinogens. Someone tracks the wrong dust back into the habitat, and next thing you know someone's sabotaging the outpost to keep the Martian bogeymen from invading Earth.
(Score: 4, Interesting) by Immerman on Friday September 09 2016, @04:04PM
Indeed. Within solar systems, where asteroid impacts regularly generate planetary fragments that can collide with other planets after only months or decades in space it seems almost inevitable. Sure, the energies involved in the initial impact and later reentry to another planet would tend to kill almost everything, but especially larger fragments would have a decent chance of more durable organisms surviving. Even some relatively complex life like tardigrades ("water bears") have been shown to be capable of surviving extreme conditions for prolonged periods, even being frozen solid, or exposed to the vacuum and radiation of space, without lasting harm. Effectively "dying" and then resurrecting themselves and performing some truly astounding genetic repairs once they're someplace more hospitable again.
Panspermia between stars though seems far more unlikely - no normal impact would fling planetary fragments free of the host star. It's possible that gravitational slingshots would occasionally fling a fragment free, but that will be comparatively rare, and you'd generally be talking about thousands of years of transit time even if it happened to depart on a path that would take it to the nearest star. Even at near absolute zero that's a long time for a cryogenically preserved organism to be bombarded by radiation, though a sufficiently large fragment might shield its core well enough.
There's also the case where a life-hosting star goes (super)nova, flinging planetary fragments throughout the resulting nebula, but those energies make the infernos of asteroid impacts look birthday cake candles. Still, I suppose big enough fragments would shield their cores from the worst of it, and then you've got a huge cloud of life-bearing fragments that other stars could pass through.
The only other option that springs to mind is intelligent life spreading life intentionally. Sending colony ships between stars would be phenomenally expensive and invokes Fermi's Paradox, but tiny "seedships" designed to cross between stars in a few decades or centuries and deliver a genetically rich living payload of hardy and versatile microorganisms capable of jump starting life on a promising planet? Those could be comparatively cheap and easy to send out by the bushel. Regardless of whether they just think life is worth spreading, or have ambitions of one day colonizing the seeded worlds, it seems like an endeavor many civilizations might engage in. Maybe there's a reason tardigrades are so durable...
(Score: -1, Troll) by Anonymous Coward on Friday September 09 2016, @11:29AM
But most models of Earth's formation can't explain how the crust has enough carbon to support life.
'most models' have to be wrong, you are hinting. I suspect yours can beat that.
So where did it all come from?
From God. As good an explanation as any, if not better. Even the 'widely accepted' Big Bang theory demands a miracle: according to said theory, in the beginning there was nothing, and then it exploded and inflated and turned into quarks and Carbon and planets and Ninjas (and even Kardashians).
A colossal smashup with a Mercury-like protoplanet
Oh no no Jack, I see what you are trying to pull here: you want to program me with the idea that creation must be based on destruction. Ain't buying it, nuh-uh. And 'protoplanet' is not even a real word.
Iron alloys bonded with carbon and sulfur, pulling both into the Earth's core,
Convenient, eh?
The only way to keep carbon and sulfur near the surface
The only way that YOU can think of that does not involve God and is consistent with a spinning ball-Earth model, you mean. Right?
Life is awesome. You are not unimportant, randomly generated meat sacks.
(Score: 0) by Anonymous Coward on Friday September 09 2016, @12:30PM
The only way that YOU can think of that does not involve God and is consistent with a spinning ball-Earth model, you mean. Right?
GET OUT OF MY CLASSROOM! After you've apologized to everyone for your rudeness, we MIGHT let you back in!
(Score: 1) by aim on Friday September 09 2016, @01:30PM
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis [wikipedia.org]
Sounds like this fits with the formation of the moon, via big impact of proto-Earth with "Theia".
(Score: 0) by Anonymous Coward on Friday September 09 2016, @01:54PM
Sounds like this fits with the formation of the moon, via big impact of proto-Earth with "Theia".
Of course it fits: bullshit has to be consistent with horsecrap.