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upstart writes:

The U.S. space agency is supplying two instruments for a Japanese spacecraft tasked with collecting samples from Phobos:

JAXA is getting ready to visit Mars's two moons, but Japan's space agency is no longer going alone.

This week, NASA signed a memorandum of understanding with JAXA to join its upcoming mission to the two Martian moons, Phobos and Deimos, which is scheduled to launch in 2024. NASA has assembled a team of scientists and prepared two instruments to board JAXA's spacecraft to Mars, the space agency announced on Tuesday.

The Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) mission will not only visit the two mysterious moons that whirl around Mars, it will also land on the cratered surface of Phobos to snag a sample from the largest of the two moons.

It's an ambitious plan as no spacecraft has successfully ventured to the Martian moons before, let alone land on one. JAXA, however, has some experience in returning samples from cosmic bodies. The Japanese space agency's Hayabusa spacecraft retrieved samples from asteroid Itokawa's surface in 2010, while Hayabusa2 returned samples from a different asteroid named Ryugu in 2020.

[...] The main purpose of the mission is to analyze the origins of the Martian moons and determine whether they are in fact captured asteroids in the Mars system or fragments that coalesced together following a huge impact on the Red Planet. The mission could help scientists better understand how terrestrial planets like Mars form and learn more about the history of the planet.

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