Modern people aren't the only ones who've polluted the atmosphere. Two thousand years ago, the Romans smelted precious ores in clay furnaces, extracting silver and belching lead into the sky. Some of that lead settled on Greenland's icecap and mixed in with ever-accumulating layers of ice. Now, scientists studying annual deposits of those ice layers have found that spikes and dips in lead pollution during the Roman era mirror the timing of many historical events, including wars fought by Julius Caesar.
=> https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/05/rise-and-fall-roman-empire-exposed-greenland-ice-samples
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Rise and Fall of Roman Empire Exposed in Greenland Ice Samples
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(Score: 2) by looorg on Tuesday May 15 2018, @02:40PM (1 child)
So a large deposit of pollution is followed by a war, shouldn't that be more or less the entirety of the Roman empire era then? There was always one more war or another to fight, some new land to conquer, some barbarians to kill or some uprising or revolt to put down. Was the some unknown dips and spikes that didn't correspond to some large known event?
Perhaps there is some roman McDuck like vault they just have not found yet.
(Score: 1, Offtopic) by VLM on Tuesday May 15 2018, @03:05PM
The stereotype is the romans were the only civilized people on the planet at the time and everyone else was a barbarian scarcely more civilized than a zombie, but reality is the locals had some significant civilization going on, and the Romans had a rough time in Europe in general while playing factions off against each other, such that neighbor civilization A paying tribute to neighbor civilization B using freshly mined silver likely had little interaction with Roman coin production. Also re-melting and re-minting coins was a "thing" back in the day, although kinda rare now a days. Finally the economic pattern was way more complex than they were savages, then they were productive roman citizens, then they were savages again, so the exact interaction with roughly equal locals was always kinda complicated.
Another oddity with respect to worldwide silver mining is there were more silver mines in the world than merely Roman, so perhaps the Persians or proto-Mayans or someone else were up to some foolishness while creating a lead contaminated EPA superfund site that had nothing to do with Romans. Romans admittedly were big time miners, but the rest of the world mined stuff occasionally also.
Both the bad part, and the good part, of paying tribute or protection money or taxes using bars of silver is some coins can't fall into the right/wrong hands along the way, a giant crate full of silver coins vs precisely 40 standard size bars of silver. I haven't read much on the ratio of bar to coin production by the mints.
(Score: 5, Informative) by The Shire on Tuesday May 15 2018, @02:41PM (6 children)
>Not all the lead came from pollution related to ore smelting; some came from naturally occurring dust and volcanic emissions, which researchers estimated and subtracted from the total lead count. The result: an incredibly detailed 1900-year timeline of Roman lead pollution,
Right away this struck me as odd. If you're introducing estimates of lead from naturally occuring sources and volcanic emissions then your data cannot be "extremely detailed". Statistics is very specific about this - your result is only as accurate as the least accurate part of your dataset.
>Based on air circulation patterns, the team thinks that the Roman-era pollution, which peaked annually at just under a millionth of a gram of lead deposited per square meter, came mostly from the western half of the Roman empire, in western and northern Europe
Emphasis on "the team thinks" - so this is a guess. Take this paper as a theory not a fact. Humans, which you should always remember includes scientists, are very good at seeing the patterns they want to see. If you set out to find lead levels from the Roman Empire and you're able to fudge with the numbers by applying estimates of naturally occuring sources, the results are fairly predictable.
Sorry, I'm just tired of seeing scientific papers taken at face value by the media for clicks rather than anyone applying even a little bit of critical thinking to evaluate its level of accuracy.
(Score: 3, Informative) by VLM on Tuesday May 15 2018, @03:14PM (2 children)
Anyone got a PNAS subscription? I don't, so I only got to read the journalist clickbait and the actual paper abstract, and neither mention lead isotope ratios with would have been a pretty conclusive fingerprint. Lead is one of the few ores that varies semi-predictably by specific mine area such that you should be able to scrape up that greenland dust and match its lead isotope ratios with archeological lead pipes in Euro cities. Well, in theory, and it probably takes a lot more sample than micrograms per sq meter, but presumably if they tried hard enough... perhaps they did, and it merely didn't make the abstract or clickbate.
Now not matching isotope ratios exactly does not prove there's not some completely wiped out mine in France or WTF so it could have been Australian aboriginals refining that lead (not likely, LOL, but a nice made up example). But if the ratio of isotopes in both ancient lead pipes in Paris matches the dust exactly, well, I guess some silver/lead mine near-ish to Paris made both the pipes and the dust. So you can't disprove the results, but as a fingerprint you could make a positive result nearly certain, via isotopic analysis... assuming you have a large enough sample to analyze, budget to bother, etc...
(Score: 1, Interesting) by Anonymous Coward on Tuesday May 15 2018, @07:06PM
Some excerpts:
Other sections go into the transport models used that would carry the lead to Greenland, and how they used well-known volcanic eruptions as markers, etc. There's always a lot more meat on the bone in these papers than can be put across in those summaries. Though Science summaries are usually pretty good. Those phys.org summaries are horrendous.
(Score: 2) by driverless on Wednesday May 16 2018, @04:28AM
We still have a ton of lead pollution today, only it's quantized, some in 7.62mm packets, others in 5.56mm ones.
(Score: 3, Informative) by Gaaark on Tuesday May 15 2018, @04:04PM (2 children)
The wind in Canada goes mainly from West to east, so I'm assuming the same for Roman times: would that not put Greenland very far away for lead to travel even as a gas?
My 'assumption' is that much of it would have already been grounded by then.
I've been wrong before, but it would put another blip into the so called 'statistics'.
--- Please remind me if I haven't been civil to you: I'm channeling MDC. ---Gaaark 2.0 ---
(Score: 3, Informative) by frojack on Tuesday May 15 2018, @04:47PM (1 child)
Not the best view angle, but this gif:
https://plus.google.com/photos/photo/101423092138897438495/5959149048350749202 [google.com]
Shows weather patterns scraped from current era reported winds.
The animation suggests the only significant wind flow in Greenland are from the south east and originate from Europe. North American winds take a more southerly course.
No, you are mistaken. I've always had this sig.
(Score: 2) by Gaaark on Tuesday May 15 2018, @05:04PM
Huh! I am mistaken.
You've always had that Sig!
;)
--- Please remind me if I haven't been civil to you: I'm channeling MDC. ---Gaaark 2.0 ---
(Score: 0) by Anonymous Coward on Tuesday May 15 2018, @03:07PM (1 child)
Romans were a bunch of lying lib-tards trying to steal our freedoms via environmental fascism.
(Score: 0) by Anonymous Coward on Tuesday May 15 2018, @07:56PM
Boooring
(Score: 2) by MichaelDavidCrawford on Tuesday May 15 2018, @09:01PM
I only read "Silver Pigs" but it is very, very good.
Caesar hires a private detective to figure out who is stealing their ingots of silver from the Roman silver and lead mine in Londinium, Britannia.
Let me see...
Books by Lindsay Davis [powells.com] at Powell's City Of Books.
Yes I Have No Bananas. [gofundme.com]