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Pakistan’s First 500MW Floating Solar Power Plant to be Installed at Keenjhar

Accepted submission by upstart at 2022-07-08 16:42:09
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upstart [soylentnews.org] writes:

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Pakistan’s first 500MW floating solar power plant to be installed at Keenjhar [brecorder.com]:

Markets [brecorder.com] Pakistan’s first 500MW floating solar power plant to be installed at Keenjhar [brecorder.com]

  • Will start generating electricity in a span of two years

In a major push toward renewable power generation, the Sindh government announced to install Pakistan's first floating solar power plant with a 500MW generation capacity.

The project would be set up at Keenjhar Lake at a cost of $400 million, informed Provincial Minister of Sindh for Energy Imtiaz Shaikh.

Taking to social media, the provincial minister informed that the floating solar power plant would start generating electricity in a span of two years. “A letter of Intent (Lol) of the project has been issued,” he said.

“The project will help in generating employment opportunities and control load-shedding,” said Shaikh, adding that the 500MW eco-friendly power project is another milestone in the achievements of the Sindh government.

The development comes as Pakistan is taking steps to ramp up its renewable power generation capacity, as it faces a deepening energy crisis, while the country struggles to grab tenders for the purchase of liquefied natural gas (LNG).

A day ago, it was learnt that Pakistan failed to receive a single offer for its latest LNG tender [brecorder.com].

Pakistan LNG Limited (PLL), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Government Holdings Private Limited (GHPL), invited bids for ten LNG cargoes from international suppliers during the July-August-September window.

Suppliers were asked to submit bids by July 7. As per PLL documents, each cargo was to have a volumetric quantity of 140,000m3.

However, in an unusual development, the state-owned LNG purchaser did not receive a single offer in a $1 billion LNG purchase tender, said the Bloomberg report, citing traders with knowledge of the matter.

Meanwhile, the federal government also decided to announce the national solar energy policy on 1st August [brecorder.com] with implementation contingent on the approval of the Council of Common Interests (CCI).

Power generated from solar energy would not only be cheaper but would also reduce the burden of dearness on the people, said Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif. He said that we are launching Pakistan’s first comprehensive solar energy policy in view of these benefits, while adding that this policy would be implemented in consultation with the provinces.

The premier further stated that the government is trying to make the country self-sufficient in the energy sector as the meeting was informed that a proposal to convert fuel-powered powerhouses in the country to solar energy is under consideration besides another proposal for the generation of solar energy on 2,000 feeders of 11kV is also under consideration the meeting was further informed.

Pakistan [brecorder.com]Sindh [brecorder.com]solar power [brecorder.com]solar power plant [brecorder.com]Keenjhar Lake [brecorder.com]solar power generation [brecorder.com]floating solar power plant [brecorder.com]

turning-evaporation-into-electrification dept.

Floating solar - Wikipedia [wikipedia.org]:

Floating solar or floating photovoltaics (FPV), sometimes called floatovoltaics, is solar panels [wikipedia.org] mounted on a structure that floats on a body of water, typically a reservoir or a lake.

The market for this renewable energy [wikipedia.org] technology has grown rapidly since 2016. The first 20 plants with capacities of a few dozen kWp [wikipedia.org] were built between 2007 and 2013.[1] Installed power reached 3 GW in 2020, with 10 GW predicted by 2025.[2]

The costs for a floating system are 20-25% higher than for ground-mounted systems.[3]

Contents

  • 1Technology features
  • 2Challenges
  • 3History
  • 4Largest floating solar facilities
  • 5References
  • 6Bibliography

Technology features[edit [wikipedia.org]]

There are several reasons for this development:

  1. No land occupancy: The main advantage of floating PV plants is that they do not take up any land, except the limited surfaces necessary for electric cabinet and grid connections. Their price is comparable with land based plants, but floatovoltaics provide a good way to avoid land consumption [wikipedia.org].[4]
  2. Installation and decommissioning: Floating PV plants are more compact than land-based plants, their management is simpler and their construction and decommissioning straightforward. The main point is that no fixed structures exist like the foundations used for a land-based plant so their installation can be totally reversible.
  3. Water conservation and water quality: Partial coverage of water basins can reduce water evaporation. This result depends on climate conditions and on the percentage of the covered surface. In arid climates such as parts of India this is an important advantage since about 30% of the evaporation of the covered surface is saved.[5] This may be greater in Australia, and is a very useful feature if the basin is used for irrigation purposes.[6][7]
  4. Cooling: cooling the floating structure is simple. Natural cooling can be increased by a water layer on the PV modules or by submerging them, the so-called SP2 (Submerged Photovoltaic Solar Panel).[8] In these cases the global PV modules efficiency rises thanks to the absence of thermal drift,[clarification needed [wikipedia.org]] with a gain in energy harvesting up to 8-10%.
  5. Tracking: Large floating platforms can easily be rotated horizontally and vertically to enable Sun-tracking (similar to sunflowers). Moving solar arrays uses little energy and doesn't need a complex mechanical apparatus like land-based PV plants. Equipping a floating PV plant with a tracking system costs little extra while the energy gain can range from 15% to 25%.[9]
  6. Storage opportunity: The presence of water naturally suggests using gravitational energy storage, mainly in the coupling with hydroelectric basins. However, other (inefficient) possibilities have been explored and in particular compressed-air energy storage [wikipedia.org] systems have been suggested.[10]
  7. Environment control:Algal blooms [wikipedia.org], a serious problem in industrialized countries, may be reduced. The partial coverage of the basins and the reduction of light on biological fouling just below the surface, together with active systems, can solve this problem. Partial coverage is only a part of the more general problem of managing a water basin generated by and/or polluted by industrial activities.[11]
  8. Efficiency improvement: Many studies claim that solar panels over water are more efficient. The energy gain reported range from 5% to 15%.[12][13][14]

Floating solar is often installed on existing hydropower [wikipedia.org].[15]

Challenges[edit [wikipedia.org]]

Floating solar presents several challenges to designers:[16][17]

  1. Electrical safety and long-term reliability of system components: Operating on water over its entire service life, the system is required to have significantly increased corrosion resistance and long-term floatation capabilities (redundant, resilient, distributed floats), particularly when installed over salt water.
  2. Waves: The floating PV system (wires, physical connections, floats, panels) needs to be able to withstand relatively higher winds (than on land) and heavy waves, particularly in off-shore or near-shore installations.
  3. Maintenance complexity: Operation and maintenance activities are, as a general rule, more difficult to perform on water than on land.

History[edit [wikipedia.org]]

American, Danish, French, Italian and Japanese nationals were the first to register patents [wikipedia.org] for floating solar. In Italy the first registered patent regarding PV modules on water goes back to February 2008.[19]

The MIRARCO [wikipedia.org] (Mining Innovation Rehabilitation and Applied Research Corporation Ontario, CANADA) research group quotes several solutions that were put forward in 2008-2011 and 2012-2014.[1] Most of the installations can be classified into three categories:

  • PV plants constituted by modules mounted on pontoons
  • PV modules mounted on rafts built in plastic and galvanized steel
  • PV modules mounted on rafts, fully in plastic.

A 45 MW combined solar and hydropower plant was installed in Thailand in 2021.[20] A 320 MW facility opened in China in 2022.[21]

Largest floating solar facilities[edit [wikipedia.org]] Floating photovoltaic power stations (5 MW and larger)PV power station Location Country Nominal Power[22]

(MWp [wikipedia.org])

Notes Dezhou Dingzhuang China 320 +100 MW windpower[21][23]Three Gorges [wikipedia.org]Huainan City, Anhui China 150 [23]Tata Power Solar [wikipedia.org]Kayamkulam, Kerala India 100 Ramagundam Peddapalli, Telangana India 100 CECEP China 70 [23]Tengeh [wikipedia.org]Singapore [wikipedia.org]60 [23][24][25]Sirindhorn Dam [wikipedia.org]Thailand [wikipedia.org]9 +36 MW hydropower[26]Sayreville, New Jersey [wikipedia.org]USA 4.4 [27]References[edit [wikipedia.org]]

  1. ^ abTrapani, Kim; Redón Santafé, Miguel (2015). "A review of floating photovoltaic installations: 2007-2013". Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications. 23 (4): 524–532. doi [wikipedia.org]:10.1002/pip.2466 [doi.org]. hdl [wikipedia.org]:10251/80704 [handle.net]. S2CID [wikipedia.org] 98460653 [semanticscholar.org].
  2. ^Hopson (58da34776a4bb), Christopher (2020-10-15). "Floating solar going global with 10GW more by 2025: Fitch | Recharge" [rechargenews.com]. Recharge | Latest renewable energy news.
  3. ^Martín, José Rojo (2019-10-27). "BayWa r.e. adds to European floating solar momentum with double project completion" [archive.org]. PV Tech. Archived from the original [pv-tech.org] on 2019-11-11.
  4. ^R. Cazzaniga, M. Rosa-Clot, P. Rosa-Clot and G. M. Tina (2018). "Geographic and Technical Floating Photovoltaic Potential". Thermal Energy Science.
  5. ^"Do floating solar panels work better?" [tehelka.com].
  6. ^Taboada, M.E.; Cáceres, L.; Graber, T.A.; Galleguillos, H.R.; Cabeza, L.F.; Rojas, R. (2017). "Solar water heating system and photovoltaic floating cover to reduce evaporation: Experimental results and modeling". Renewable Energy. 105: 601–615. doi [wikipedia.org]:10.1016/j.renene.2016.12.094 [doi.org]. hdl [wikipedia.org]:10459.1/59048 [handle.net]. ISSN [wikipedia.org] 0960-1481 [worldcat.org].
  7. ^Hassan, M.M. and Peyrson W.L. (2016). "Evaporation mitigation by floating modular devices". Earth and Environmental Science. 35.
  8. ^Choi, Y.K. (2014). "A study on power generation analysis on floating PV system considering environmental impact". Int. J. Softw. Eng. Appl. 8: 75–84.
  9. ^R. Cazzaniga, M. Cicu, M. Rosa-Clot, P. Rosa-Clot, G. M. Tina and C. Ventura (2018). "Floating photovoltaic plants: performance analysis and design solutions". Renewable and Sustainable Reviews. 81: 1730–1741. doi [wikipedia.org]:10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.269 [doi.org].
  10. ^R. Cazzaniga, M. Cicu, M. Rosa-Clot, P. Rosa-Clot, G. M. Tina and C. Ventura (2017). "Compressed air energy storage integrated with floating photovoltaic plant". Journal of Energy Storage. 13: 48–57. doi [wikipedia.org]:10.1016/j.est.2017.06.006 [doi.org]. S2CID [wikipedia.org] 115709382 [semanticscholar.org].
  11. ^Trapani, K. and Millar, B. (2016). "Floating photovoltaic arrays to power mining industry: a case study for the McFaulds lake (ring of fire)". Sustainable Energy. 35: 898–905.
  12. ^Choi, Y.-K. and N.-H. Lee (2013). "Empirical Research on the efficiency of Floating PV systems compared with Overland PV Systems". Conference Proceedings of CES-CUBE.
  13. ^"Floating Solar On Pumped Hydro, Part 1: Evaporation Management Is A Bonus" [cleantechnica.com]. CleanTechnica [wikipedia.org]. 27 December 2019.
  14. ^"Floating Solar On Pumped Hydro, Part 2: Better Efficiency, But More Challenging Engineering" [cleantechnica.com]. CleanTechnica. 27 December 2019.
  15. ^World Bank Group [wikipedia.org], ESMAP [wikipedia.org], and SERIS. 2018. Where Sun Meets Water: Floating Solar Market Report - Executive Summary [worldbank.org]. Washington, DC: World Bank [wikipedia.org].
  16. ^Floating Solar (PV) Systems: why they are taking off [sinovoltaics.com]. By Dricus De Rooij, Aug 5 2015
  17. ^Where Sun Meets Water, FLOATING SOLAR MARKET REPORT [worldbank.org]. World Bank, 2019.
  18. ^Data taken from "Where Sun Meets Water: Floating Solar Market Report," World Bank Group and SERIS, Singapore, 2018.
  19. ^M. Rosa-Clot and P. Rosa-Clot (2008). "Support and method for increasing the efficiency of solar cells by immersion". Italy Patent PI2008A000088.
  20. ^"Thailand switches on 45MW floating solar plant, plans for 15 more" [reneweconomy.com.au]. RenewEconomy. 11 November 2021.
  21. ^ abLee, Andrew (5 January 2022). "'Smooth operator': world's largest floating solar plant links with wind and storage" [rechargenews.com]. Recharge | Latest renewable energy news. Archived [archive.org] from the original on 11 March 2022.
  22. ^Note that nominal power may be AC [wikipedia.org] or DC [wikipedia.org], depending on the plant. See AC-DC conundrum: Latest PV power-plant ratings follies put focus on reporting inconsistency (update) [pv-tech.org]Archived [archive.org] 2011-01-19 at the Wayback Machine [wikipedia.org]
  23. ^ abcd"5 Largest Floating Solar Farms in the World in 2022" [ysgsolar.com]. YSG Solar. 20 January 2022.
  24. ^Martín, José Rojo (2019-06-06). "Singaporean water utility in push for 50MW-plus floating PV" [pv-tech.org]. PV Tech.
  25. ^"Singapore launches large-scale floating solar farm in Tengeh Reservoir" [datacenterdynamics.com]. www.datacenterdynamics.com. 27 July 2021. Archived [archive.org] from the original on 6 August 2021.
  26. ^"Thailand's massive floating solar farm lays the foundation for its emission-free future" [zmescience.com]. ZME Science. 10 March 2022.
  27. ^"New Jersey outfit kicks off construction of 9MW floating solar array" [offshore-energy.biz]. Offshore Energy. 4 May 2022.

Bibliography[edit [wikipedia.org]]

  • Howard, E. and Schmidt, E. 2008. Evaporation control using Rio Tinto's Floating Modules on Northparks Mine, Landloch and NCEA. National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture Publication 1001858/1, USQ, Toowoomba.
  • R. Cazzaniga, M. Cicu, M. Rosa-Clot, P. Rosa-Clot, G. M. Tina and C. Ventura (2017). "Floating Photovoltaic plants: performance analysis and design solutions". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 81: 1730–1741. doi [wikipedia.org]:10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.269 [doi.org].
  • Taboada, M.E.; Cáceres, L.; Graber, T.A.; Galleguillos, H.R.; Cabeza, L.F.; Rojas, R. (2017). "Solar water heating system and photovoltaic floating cover to reduce evaporation: Experimental results and modeling". Renewable Energy. 105: 601–615. doi [wikipedia.org]:10.1016/j.renene.2016.12.094 [doi.org]. hdl [wikipedia.org]:10459.1/59048 [handle.net].
  • Chang, Yuan-Hsiou; Ku, Chen-Ruei; Yeh, Naichia (2014). "Solar powered artificial floating island for landscape ecology and water quality improvement". Ecological Engineering. 69: 8–16. doi [wikipedia.org]:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.03.015 [doi.org].
  • Ho, C.J.; Chou, Wei-Len; Lai, Chi-Ming (2016). "Thermal and electrical performances of a water-surface floating PV integrated with double water-saturated MEPCM layers". Applied Thermal Engineering. 94: 122–132. doi [wikipedia.org]:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.10.097 [doi.org].
  • M. Rosa-Clot, G. M. Tina (2017). Submerged and Floating Photovoltaic Systems Modelling, Design and Case Studies. Academic Press.
  • Sahu, Alok; Yadav, Neha; Sudhakar, K. (2016). "Floating photovoltaic power plant: A review". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 66: 815–824. doi [wikipedia.org]:10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.051 [doi.org].
  • Trapani, Kim; Millar, Dean L. (2013). "Proposing offshore photovoltaic (PV) technology to the energy mix of the Maltese islands". Energy Conversion and Management. 67: 18–26. doi [wikipedia.org]:10.1016/j.enconman.2012.10.022 [doi.org].
  • Siecker, J.; Kusakana, K.; Numbi, B.P. (2017). "A review of solar photovoltaic systems cooling technologies". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 79: 192–203. doi [wikipedia.org]:10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.053 [doi.org].
  • Spencer, Robert S.; Macknick, Jordan; Aznar, Alexandra; Warren, Adam; Reese, Matthew O. (2019-02-05). "Floating Photovoltaic Systems: Assessing the Technical Potential of Photovoltaic Systems on Man-Made Water Bodies in the Continental United States" [doi.org]. Environmental Science & Technology. 53 (3): 1680–1689. Bibcode [wikipedia.org]:2019EnST...53.1680S [harvard.edu]. doi [wikipedia.org]:10.1021/acs.est.8b04735 [doi.org]. ISSN [wikipedia.org] 0013-936X [worldcat.org]. OSTI [wikipedia.org] 1489330 [osti.gov]. PMID [wikipedia.org] 30532953 [nih.gov]. S2CID [wikipedia.org] 54471924 [semanticscholar.org].

Concepts



Solar power [wikipedia.org]Thermal [wikipedia.org]

Photovoltaics [wikipedia.org]
and related topics [wikipedia.org]

Concentrated [wikipedia.org]

Experimental
and proposed

By country [wikipedia.org]

Legal

Distribution
and usesStorage

Adoption

Applications

ApplicationsAgriculture [wikipedia.org]
and horticulture [wikipedia.org]

BuildingPassive solar building design [wikipedia.org]

Lighting

Hybrid solar lighting [wikipedia.org]

Solar lamp [wikipedia.org]

Solar Tuki [wikipedia.org]

Light tube [wikipedia.org]

Daylighting [wikipedia.org]

Process heat

Cooking

Disinfection

Desalination

Water heating

See also

Journal Reference:
Just a moment..., (DOI: 10.1002%2Fpip.2466 [doi.org])
Redirecting, (DOI: 10.1016%2Fj.renene.2016.12.094 [doi.org])
Redirecting, (DOI: 10.1016%2Fj.rser.2017.05.269 [doi.org])
Redirecting, (DOI: 10.1016%2Fj.est.2017.06.006 [doi.org])
Redirecting, (DOI: 10.1016%2Fj.rser.2017.05.269 [doi.org])
Redirecting, (DOI: 10.1016%2Fj.renene.2016.12.094 [doi.org])
Redirecting, (DOI: 10.1016%2Fj.ecoleng.2014.03.015 [doi.org])
Redirecting, (DOI: 10.1016%2Fj.applthermaleng.2015.10.097 [doi.org])
Redirecting, (DOI: 10.1016%2Fj.rser.2016.08.051 [doi.org])
Redirecting, (DOI: 10.1016%2Fj.enconman.2012.10.022 [doi.org])
Redirecting, (DOI: 10.1016%2Fj.rser.2017.05.053 [doi.org])
Just a moment..., (DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04735 [doi.org])
Just a moment..., (DOI: 10.1021%2Facs.est.8b04735 [doi.org])

Original Submission